Глагол 'To Do'
The verb "to do" is a highly versatile and essential verb in English. It functions both as a main (notional) verb, indicating an action, and as a very important auxiliary (helping) verb, primarily used to form questions, negative sentences, and for emphasis.
Формы глагола 'To Do'
"To do" has distinct forms depending on the tense and subject:
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Present Simple (Простое настоящее):
- I / You / We / They do
- He / She / It does
- Past Simple (Простое прошедшее): did (для всех лиц)
- Future Simple: will do (для всех лиц)
- Причастие настоящего времени (форма V-ing): doing
- Причастие прошедшего времени (форма V3): done
- Инфинитив: (to) do
Использование глагола 'To Do'
"To do" serves several key functions in English sentences:
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1. Как основной (смысловой) глагол (Main (Notional) Verb):
When "to do" is used as a main verb, it means "to perform an action" or "to accomplish something."
- Пример: I always do my homework.
- Пример: She does a great job.
- Пример: They did their best.
- Пример: What are you doing?
В этой роли он может использоваться во всех временах, как и любой другой основной глагол.
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2. Как вспомогательный глагол (Auxiliary (Helping) Verb):
"To do" is indispensable as an auxiliary verb, particularly in the Present Simple and Past Simple tenses.
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Для образования вопросов: In the Present Simple and Past Simple, "do," "does," or "did" are placed before the subject to form interrogative sentences (questions), and the main verb remains in its base form.
- Пример: Do you like coffee?
- Пример: Does he live here?
- Пример: What did they say?
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Для образования отрицательных предложений: In the Present Simple and Past Simple, "do," "does," or "did" are followed by "not" (or contracted forms like "don't," "doesn't," "didn't") and the main verb in its base form.
- Пример: I do not (don't) understand.
- Пример: She does not (doesn't) speak French.
- Пример: We did not (didn't) see anything.
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Для усиления (Emphasis): "Do," "does," or "did" can be used before the main verb (in its base form) to add emphasis, especially in affirmative sentences, or to contradict a previous statement.
- Пример: I do believe you. (Подчеркивает убеждение)
- Пример: He does work hard, despite what you think.
- Пример: I know you said I didn't come, but I did come!
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В кратких ответах (Short Answers): Используется для избежания повторения основного глагола в кратких ответах.
- Пример: Do you like pizza? Yes, I do.
- Пример: Did she finish? No, she didn't.
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Для образования вопросов: In the Present Simple and Past Simple, "do," "does," or "did" are placed before the subject to form interrogative sentences (questions), and the main verb remains in its base form.
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3. Как заменяющий глагол (Pro-verb/Substitution):
"To do" can substitute for a previously mentioned main verb or verb phrase to avoid repetition.
- Пример: He drives faster than I do. (instead of "than I drive")
- Пример: She reads a lot, and so do I. (instead of "and so I read a lot")
Распространенные сокращения с 'To Do'
In informal speech and writing, "to do" often forms contractions with "not":
- don't (do not)
- doesn't (does not)
- didn't (did not)
Understanding the dual role of "to do" as both a main verb and a crucial auxiliary verb is fundamental to mastering English sentence construction, especially in questions and negatives.