Правильные и неправильные глаголы

English verbs are broadly categorized into two main types based on how they form their past tenses and past participles: Regular Verbs and Irregular Verbs.

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Правильные глаголы

Regular verbs in English form their Past Simple tense and Past Participle (V3) by consistently adding the ending -ed to their base form (infinitive without 'to').

Правила добавления окончания -ed

• If the verb ends in -e, only -d is added.
  Примеры: live – lived, change – changed, agree – agreed.
• If the verb ends in a consonant + y, the y changes to i, and then -ed is added.
  Примеры: study – studied, carry – carried, try – tried.
• If the verb ends in a vowel + y, simply -ed is added (the y does not change).
  Примеры: play – played, stay – stayed, enjoy – enjoyed.
• Удвоение конечной согласной:
  • For single-syllable verbs ending in a vowel + consonant (except x, w, y), the final consonant is doubled before -ed.
    Примеры: stop – stopped, plan – planned, rub – rubbed.
  • For multi-syllable verbs ending in a vowel + consonant, if the stress falls on the last syllable, the final consonant is doubled.
    Примеры: prefer – preferred, permit – permitted, occur – occurred.
  • Verbs ending in -l, in British English, double the l regardless of stress.
    Примеры: travel – travelled, cancel – cancelled. (In American English: traveled, canceled).

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Произношение окончания -ed

The -ed ending can be pronounced in three different ways, depending on the sound the verb ends with:

• As the sound /t/ — after voiceless consonant sounds (except /t/).
  Примеры: looked (/lʊkt/), asked (/ɑːskt/), washed (/wɒʃt/), finished (/fɪnɪʃt/).
• As the sound /d/ — after voiced consonant sounds (except /d/) and all vowel sounds.
  Примеры: lived (/lɪvd/), played (/pleɪd/), opened (/əʊpənd/), called (/kɔːld/).
• As the sound /ɪd/ — after the sounds /t/ and /d/. In this case, the ending forms an additional syllable.
  Примеры: wanted (/ˈwɒntɪd/), decided (/dɪˈsaɪdɪd/), started (/ˈstɑːtɪd/), needed (/ˈniːdɪd/).

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Неправильные глаголы

Irregular verbs do not follow the standard -ed rule for forming their Past Simple tense and Past Participle (V3). Instead, they undergo internal vowel changes, use different endings, or remain unchanged.

Для образования неправильных глаголов нет простых правил; их формы, как правило, необходимо запомнить. Они очень распространены в английском языке и включают многие из наиболее часто используемых глаголов.

Примеры:

• Go – Went – Gone
• See – Saw – Seen
• Eat – Ate – Eaten
• Come – Came – Come
• Put – Put – Put

Хотя это и сложно, освоение неправильных глаголов имеет решающее значение для беглости, поскольку они являются основой повседневного общения.