Прошедшее совершенное длительное время (The Past Perfect Continuous / Past Perfect Progressive)
The Past Perfect Continuous tense (also known as the Past Perfect Progressive) is used to describe an action that started in the past and continued up to another specific point or event in the past. It emphasizes the duration of the activity before that later past point.
Образование Past Perfect Continuous
The Past Perfect Continuous is formed using the auxiliary verb "had" + "been" + the present participle (-ing form) of the main verb. Had been is used for all subjects.
1. Утвердительные предложения
| Лицо / Число | Вспомогательный 1 (had) | Вспомогательный 2 (been) | Основной глагол (to work) (V-ing) | Пример |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| I | had | been | working | I had been working. |
| You | had | been | working | You had been working. |
| He / She / It | had | been | working | He had been working. |
| We | had | been | working | We had been working. |
| You | had | been | working | You had been working. |
| They | had | been | working | They had been working. |
- Сокращения: В неформальной речи и письме очень распространены сокращения:
- I'd been working
- You'd been working
- He'd / She'd / It'd been working
- We'd been working
- They'd been working
2. Отрицательные предложения
To form negative sentences, we place 'not' after the first auxiliary verb "had".
| Лицо / Число | Вспомогательный 1 (had) + not | Вспомогательный 2 (been) | Основной глагол (to work) (V-ing) | Пример |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| I | had not / hadn't | been | working | I had not been working. / I hadn't been working. |
| You | had not / hadn't | been | working | You had not been working. / You hadn't been working. |
| He / She / It | had not / hadn't | been | working | He had not been working. / He hadn't been working. |
| We | had not / hadn't | been | working | We had not been working. / We hadn't been working. |
| You | had not / hadn't | been | working | You had not been working. / You hadn't been working. |
| They | had not / hadn't | been | working | They had not been working. / They hadn't been working. |
- Пример: She hadn't been feeling well before she went to the doctor.
- Пример: They had not been studying for long when the power went out.
3. Вопросительные предложения (Вопросы)
To form questions, we invert the subject and the first auxiliary verb "had".
| Вспомогательный 1 (had) | Подлежащее | Вспомогательный 2 (been) | Основной глагол (to work) (V-ing) | Пример |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Had | I | been | working? | Had I been working? |
| Had | you | been | working? | Had you been working? |
| Had | he / she / it | been | working? | Had he been working? |
| Had | we | been | working? | Had we been working? |
| Had | you | been | working? | Had you been working? |
| Had | they | been | working? | Had they been working? |
- Пример: Had you been waiting long when she finally arrived?
- Пример: What had they been doing before the police came? (для Wh-вопросов)
Использование Past Perfect Continuous
Past Perfect Continuous используется для выражения:
- Действия, которые начались в прошлом и **продолжались до другого момента в прошлом**: Это основное использование. Оно подчеркивает **длительность** действия, которое продолжалось до определенного момента или до другого завершенного действия в прошлом.
- He had been waiting for two hours when she finally arrived. (Он ждал два часа, а затем она приехала.)
- I was tired because I had been running for an hour. (Сначала я бегал час; затем я устал.)
- They had been living in that house for ten years before they sold it. (Они жили там десять лет, а затем продали его.)
- 2. Для указания причины и следствия в прошлом: Past Perfect Continuous описывает причину (продолжающееся действие) прошлого результата.
- The ground was wet because it had been raining all night. (Дождь стал причиной мокрой земли.)
- She failed the exam because she hadn't been studying enough. (Недостаток учебы стал причиной провала.)
- 3. В косвенной речи: При передаче сообщения, которое изначально было сказано в Present Perfect Continuous или Past Continuous, время смещается в Past Perfect Continuous.
- Прямая речь: He said, \"I have been working all day.\"
- Косвенная речь: He said that he had been working all day.
- Прямая речь: She said, \"I was studying when you called.\"
- Косвенная речь: She said that she had been studying when I called.
Past Perfect Continuous против Past Perfect Simple
Основное различие заключается в акценте:
- Past Perfect Continuous (Прошедшее совершенное длительное): Подчеркивает ***длительность*** или ***процесс*** действия, продолжавшегося до определенного момента в прошлом.
- I had been writing the report for three hours before I took a break. (Акцент на ***процессе*** написания.)
- Past Perfect Simple (Прошедшее совершенное): Подчеркивает ***завершение*** действия до определенного момента в прошлом или ***результат*** действия.
- I had written the report by noon. (Акцент на ***завершении*** отчета.)
- When he arrived, I had finished my work. (Акцент на ***результате*** — моя работа была выполнена.)
- Иногда, особенно с глаголами, такими как live, work, study, Past Perfect Simple может использоваться, чтобы говорить о длительности, и значение очень похоже:
- They had lived in that city for five years before they moved.
- They had been living in that city for five years before they moved. (Оба варианта правильны и означают схожие вещи, при этом Continuous подчеркивает продолжающийся характер.)
Past Perfect Continuous помогает обеспечить более динамичное описание прошлых событий, показывая, как долго что-то происходило, прежде чем случилось что-то другое.