Прошедшее совершенное время (The Past Perfect)
The Past Perfect tense (also known as the Pluperfect) is used to describe an action that happened before another action or event in the past. It helps to show the order of past events, making it clear which action occurred first.
Образование Past Perfect
The Past Perfect is formed using the auxiliary verb "had" (the past simple of "to have") and the past participle (V3) of the main verb. Unlike other tenses, had is used for all subjects (I, you, he, she, it, we, they).
1. Утвердительные предложения
| Лицо / Число | Вспомогательный глагол (had) | Основной глагол (Причастие прошедшего времени V3) | Пример |
|---|---|---|---|
| I | had | worked | I had worked. |
| You | had | worked | You had worked. |
| He / She / It | had | worked | He had worked. |
| We | had | worked | We had worked. |
| You | had | worked | You had worked. |
| They | had | worked | They had worked. |
- Сокращения: В неформальной речи и письме очень распространены сокращения:
- I'd worked
- You'd worked
- He'd / She'd / It'd worked
- We'd worked
- They'd worked
2. Отрицательные предложения
To form negative sentences, we place 'not' after the auxiliary verb "had".
| Лицо / Число | Вспомогательный глагол (had) + not | Основной глагол (Причастие прошедшего времени V3) | Пример |
|---|---|---|---|
| I | had not / hadn't | worked | I had not worked. / I hadn't worked. |
| You | had not / hadn't | worked | You had not worked. / You hadn't worked. |
| He / She / It | had not / hadn't | worked | He had not worked. / He hadn't worked. |
| We | had not / hadn't | worked | We had not worked. / We hadn't worked. |
| You | had not / hadn't | worked | You had not worked. / You hadn't worked. |
| They | had not / hadn't | worked | They had not worked. / They hadn't worked. |
- Пример: She hadn't seen him before that day.
- Пример: They had not finished the report by the deadline.
3. Вопросительные предложения (Вопросы)
To form questions, we invert the subject and the auxiliary verb "had".
| Вспомогательный глагол (had) | Подлежащее | Основной глагол (Причастие прошедшего времени V3) | Пример |
|---|---|---|---|
| Had | I | worked? | Had I worked? |
| Had | you | worked? | Had you worked? |
| Had | he / she / it | worked? | Had he worked? |
| Had | we | worked? | Had we worked? |
| Had | you | worked? | Had you worked? |
| Had | they | worked? | Had they worked? |
- Пример: Had you ever been to Paris before you moved there?
- Пример: Had she already left when you arrived?
- Пример: What had you done before you came here? (для Wh-вопросов)
Использование Past Perfect
Past Perfect в основном используется для:
- Действия, завершенные до другого действия или момента в прошлом: Это наиболее распространенное использование. Оно показывает, что одно прошлое действие произошло **до** другого прошлого действия или до определенного момента в прошлом. Более позднее действие/время обычно выражено в Past Simple.
- By the time I arrived, they had already eaten. (Сначала они поели; затем я пришел.)
- She had lived in London for five years before she moved to New York. (Сначала она жила в Лондоне; затем она переехала.)
- I had finished my work by 6 PM. (Сначала я закончил работу; затем наступило 6 вечера.)
- 3. В косвенной речи: При передаче сообщения, которое изначально было сказано в Present Perfect или Past Simple, время смещается в Past Perfect.
- Прямая речь: He said, \"I have finished my report.\"
- Косвенная речь: He said that he had finished his report.
- Прямая речь: She said, \"I saw him yesterday.\"
- Косвенная речь: She said that she had seen him the day before.
- В условных предложениях 3-го типа (Нереальные прошлые условия): Для разговора о гипотетических ситуациях в прошлом, которые не произошли.
- If I had known you were coming, I would have baked a cake. (Но я не знал, поэтому не испек торт.)
- If they had studied harder, they would have passed the exam. (Но они не учились, поэтому не сдали.)
- Для объяснения или приведения причин прошлой ситуации:
- I couldn't get into the house because I had forgotten my keys. (Забывание произошло до попытки войти.)
- He was tired because he had worked all night.
Временные выражения, используемые с Past Perfect
Распространенные временные выражения, часто используемые с Past Perfect, включают:
- already
- just
- never
- by the time
- before
- after
- until
- when (может использоваться, если порядок ясен)
Past Perfect имеет важное значение для четкого упорядочивания событий в прошлом, особенно при объяснении причины и следствия или в повествованиях, где важна хронология.