Ought to (Следует, должно)
Ought to is a semi-modal verb in English, primarily used to express advice, recommendation, obligation, duty, or probability. It is similar in meaning to "should," but can sometimes imply a stronger sense of moral obligation or correctness. Unlike most modal verbs, it is always followed by "to" and then the base form of the main verb.
Формы Ought to
As a semi-modal, "ought to" has a relatively simple conjugation. It does not change form for different subjects and is always followed by the bare infinitive (base form) of the main verb.
| Форма | Структура | Пример |
|---|---|---|
| Утвердительная | Подлежащее + ought to + Базовый глагол | You ought to study harder. We ought to help them. |
| Отрицательная | Подлежащее + ought not to / oughtn't to + Базовый глагол | You ought not to tell anyone. He oughtn't to be late. |
| Вопросительные | Ought + Подлежащее + to + Базовый глагол? (Формально/Менее распространено) | Ought I to tell him? Ought we to wait? |
Ought to have + Причастие прошедшего времени (Прошлая обязанность/Сожаление)
Эта конструкция используется для выражения того, что что-то **должно было произойти в прошлом, но не произошло**, или для **критики** прошлого действия.
| Форма | Структура | Пример |
|---|---|---|
| Утвердительная | Подлежащее + ought to have + Причастие прошедшего времени | You ought to have called me. (Ты не позвонил, но должен был) |
| Отрицательная | Подлежащее + ought not to have / oughtn't to have + Причастие прошедшего времени | They ought not to have left so early. (Они ушли, но не должны были) |
Использование Ought to
"Ought to" is used to convey advice, obligation, probability, or a sense of what is correct or appropriate.
1. Выражение совета или рекомендации
Similar to "should," "ought to" is used to give advice or suggest the best course of action. It can sometimes carry a slightly stronger moral or logical implication than "should."
- Пример: You ought to apologize to her. (Это правильно)
- Пример: We ought to save some money for a rainy day. (Хороший совет)
- Пример: She ought to see a doctor about that cough. (Рекомендация для ее благополучия)
2. Выражение обязанности или долга
Он может выражать чувство **долга, ответственности** или того, что общепринято.
- Пример: Children ought to obey their parents. (Долг/Ожидаемое поведение)
- Пример: We ought to respect our elders. (Моральное обязательство)
- Пример: He ought to be more careful. (Долг перед собой/другими)
3. Выражение вероятности или ожидания
"Ought to" can indicate that something is likely or expected to happen, based on current knowledge or normal circumstances.
- Пример: The bus ought to be here any minute. (Ожидаемое прибытие)
- Пример: It ought to be a nice day tomorrow. (Ожидаемая погода)
- Пример: They ought to pass the exam easily. (Ожидаемый результат, учитывая их подготовку)
4. Ссылка на невыполненную обязанность или сожаление (Ought to have + Причастие прошедшего времени)
This past form is used to express that something was expected or desirable in the past but did not happen. It often implies regret, criticism, or disappointment.
- Пример: You ought to have told me about the problem earlier. (Ты этого не сделал, а должен был)
- Пример: I ought to have studied harder for the test. (Сожаление о моем прошлом действии)
- Пример: They ought not to have spent so much money. (Критика их прошлого действия)
5. Differences from "Should"
While "ought to" and "should" are often interchangeable, "ought to" can sometimes sound slightly more formal or carry a stronger implication of moral obligation or logical correctness. However, "should" is far more common in everyday spoken and written English.
- Пример: You should recycle. (Общий совет)
- Пример: You ought to recycle. (Немного более сильный акцент на том, что это правильное действие)
Примечание: In negative and interrogative forms, "should" is overwhelmingly preferred due to the slightly awkward sound of "ought not to" and "ought I to?". In negative and interrogative forms, “should” is overwhelmingly preferred due to the slightly awkward sound of “ought not to” and “ought I to?”.