Смысл, стоящий за предлогами
Предлоги создают богатые семантические сети в языке, устанавливая точные отношения между идеями, объектами и действиями. Понимание этих отношений является ключом к освоению английского выражения.
1. Временные отношения
Event/State [Preposition] Time Reference
Core Time Prepositions
- at for precise times (at 3pm)
- on for days/dates (on Monday)
- in for months/years/seasons (in summer)
- for duration (for two hours)
- since from past to present (since 2010)
Nuanced Time Relationships
| Предлог | Отношение/Связь | Пример |
|---|---|---|
| before | Earlier than | Finish before sunset |
| after | Later than | We'll talk after dinner |
| during | Throughout | No talking during the exam |
2. Пространственные отношения
Object [Preposition] Location/Direction
Basic Spatial Concepts
- in enclosed space (in the room)
- on surface contact (on the wall)
- at specific point (at the door)
- under below something (under the table)
- between in the middle of two (between the houses)
Advanced Spatial Concepts
- Beneath suggests being covered
The treasure was buried beneath the oak tree.
- Among implies being surrounded
She felt comfortable among friends.
- Adjacent to indicates close proximity
Our office is adjacent to the park.
3. Причинно-следственные отношения
Effect [Preposition] Cause
Типы причинно-следственных связей
- Direct Cause:
The window broke from the impact.
- Reason/Purpose:
She studied hard for the exam.
- Agent in Passive:
The book was written by Hemingway.
Nuanced Causal Prepositions
- due to formal cause (The delay was due to weather)
- owing to similar to 'due to' but less common
- thanks to often positive (We succeeded thanks to teamwork)
4. Образ действия и метод
Action [Preposition] Method/Quality
Выражение того, как выполняются действия
- with using instrument (Write with a pen)
- by means/method (Travel by train)
- in style/manner (Speak in whispers)
- like similarity (Act like a professional)
Special Manner Expressions
- With care vs carefully
Handle the vase with care.
Handle the vase carefully.
- By heart (memorized)
She knows the poem by heart.
- In detail (thoroughly)
Explain the process in detail.