Образование отрицаний
The negative particle not is essential for creating negative statements in English, working in conjunction with auxiliary verbs to reverse the meaning of sentences.
Базовая структура отрицания
[Auxiliary] + not + [Main Verb]
Ключевые правила:
- Всегда следует за вспомогательным/модальным глаголом
- Предшествует основному глаголу в конструкции
- Может быть сокращено со вспомогательным глаголом в неформальных контекстах
- С простым настоящим/прошедшим временем требуется вспомогательный глагол-заменитель 'do'
Распространенные отрицательные конструкции
1. With 'Be' Verbs
- I am not ready.
- She is not coming.
- They were not happy.
2. With Other Auxiliaries
- I have not seen it.
- We should not go.
- He can not swim.
3. With Main Verbs (using 'do')
- I do not like coffee.
- She did not call.
Отрицательные сокращения
| Вспомогательный глагол | Полная форма | Сокращенная форма |
|---|---|---|
| am | am not | aren't (in questions) |
| is | is not | isn't |
| are | are not | aren't |
| do | do not | don't |
| does | does not | doesn't |
| have | have not | haven't |
| will | will not | won't |
Особые случаи и исключения
- Negative imperatives: Use 'do not' or 'don't'
Don't touch that!
- Non-auxiliary 'have': Requires 'do' support
I do not have a car.
- Negative infinitives: 'not' comes before 'to'
I decided not to go.
- Negative questions: Inversion with contraction
Didn't you see it?
Распространенные ошибки
- Omitting auxiliary 'do':
Incorrect: I not like it.
Correct: I do not like it.
- Wrong contraction form:
Incorrect: I amn't ready.
Correct: I'm not ready.
- Double negatives:
Incorrect: I don't know nothing.
Correct: I don't know anything.