Всесторонняя классификация обстоятельств
Обстоятельства могут быть систематически классифицированы на основе их семантических функций и конкретной информации, которую они вносят в значение предложения.
1. Обстоятельства времени
[Action] + [When?]
Подтипы:
- Point in time: yesterday, at 5pm, when she arrives
- Duration: for hours, all day, since Monday
- Frequency: often, daily, three times a week
- Relationship: already, still, yet
Примеры:
- We met last summer.
- She's been working since morning.
- I exercise twice a week.
- They haven't finished yet.
2. Обстоятельства места
[Action] + [Where?]
Подтипы:
- Position: here, in the garden, at home
- Direction: upstairs, toward the city, back
- Distance: miles away, a short walk
- Source/Destination: from Paris, to the station
Примеры:
- The keys are on the table.
- She walked toward the light.
- We live five minutes away.
- They're traveling to Rome.
3. Обстоятельства образа действия
[Action] + [How?]
Подтипы:
- Method: carefully, with enthusiasm, by hand
- Instrument: with a hammer, using software
- Means: by train, through hard work
- Style: happily, reluctantly, in a hurry
Примеры:
- He painted with great precision.
- She opened the bottle using an opener.
- We traveled by plane.
- They agreed reluctantly.
4. Обстоятельства причины
[Action] + [Why?]
Подтипы:
- Reason: because of rain, due to circumstances
- Purpose: to improve, for better results
- Result: so tired that..., too cold to...
- Condition: if necessary, unless prevented
Примеры:
- We canceled due to bad weather.
- She studies hard to get good grades.
- He's too tired to continue.
- If possible, arrive early.
5. Дополнительные типы обстоятельств
A. Обстоятельства степени
- It's extremely hot.
- I hardly know her.
B. Фокусирующие обстоятельства
- Only John knew the answer.
- She even apologized.
C. Предложенческие обстоятельства
- Frankly, I don't care.
- Surprisingly, he agreed.
D. Соединительные обстоятельства
- It was raining; however, we went out.
- He was tired; therefore, he left early.
Функциональное сравнение
| Тип | Вопрос | Пример | Распространенные формы |
|---|---|---|---|
| Time | When? How often? | We'll meet tomorrow | Наречия, именные фразы, придаточные предложения |
| Place | Where? To where? | Put it here | Наречия, предложные фразы |
| Manner | How? In what way? | She spoke clearly | -ly adverbs, prepositional phrases |
| Cause | Why? For what reason? | He left because of illness | Предложные фразы, придаточные предложения |
Особые соображения
1. Множественные обстоятельства
Typical order when combining different types: Manner → Place → Time:
She sang beautifully on stage last night.
2. Вариации позиции
Некоторые типы обстоятельств более гибки в позиции, чем другие:
- Yesterday, I saw a movie.
- I saw a movie yesterday.
- I quickly finished my work.
- I finished my work quickly.
3. Распространенные ошибки
- Misplaced modifiers:
Wrong: She almost drove the kids to school every day.
Right: She drove the kids to school almost every day. - Dangling modifiers:
Wrong: Walking to school, the bus passed by.
Right: Walking to school, I saw the bus pass by.