Обстоятельственные определители в английской грамматике
An adverbial modifier is a versatile sentence element that provides crucial contextual information about actions, qualities, or other modifiers by answering key questions about the circumstances of an event or state.
Основные функции
[Verb/Adj/Adv] ← [Adverbial Modifier]
Основные цели:
- Modify verbs by describing how, when, where, or why an action occurs
- Modify adjectives by indicating degree or intensity
- Modify other adverbs by showing degree or manner
- Modify entire sentences to express attitude or evaluation
Примеры различных функций:
- She spoke persuasively. (modifies verb - how)
- The test was extremely difficult. (modifies adjective - degree)
- He ran very quickly. (modifies adverb - degree)
- Fortunately, we arrived on time. (modifies sentence - attitude)
Грамматические формы
1. Однословные наречия
- She sings beautifully.
- They arrived late.
2. Наречные фразы
- He works with great enthusiasm.
- We meet once a week.
3. Предложные фразы
- She stood in the doorway.
- We left before dawn.
4. Именные фразы
- I'll see you next week.
- They walked three miles.
5. Инфинитивные фразы
- She came to help.
- We stopped to rest.
Смысловые категории
| Тип | Вопросы, на которые отвечают | Примеры |
|---|---|---|
| Manner | how? | quickly, carefully, with difficulty |
| Time | when? how often? how long? | now, often, for hours |
| Place | where? to where? from where? | here, abroad, to the park |
| Degree | how much? to what extent? | very, quite, to some extent |
| Purpose | why? for what purpose? | to improve, for fun |
| Condition | under what circumstances? | if necessary, when ready |
Особые соображения
1. Гибкость позиции
Обстоятельственные определители часто могут занимать разные позиции в предложении, иногда с тонкими смысловыми различиями:
- Quickly, she finished her work. (emphasis on speed)
- She quickly finished her work. (neutral statement)
- She finished her work quickly. (emphasis on completion)
2. Множественные обстоятельства
When using multiple adverbials, typical order is: Manner → Place → Time:
She sang beautifully in the concert hall last night.
3. Распространенные ошибки
- Misplaced modifiers:
Wrong: She almost drove the kids to school every day.
Right: She drove the kids to school almost every day. - Adjective/adverb confusion:
Wrong: She speaks English good.
Right: She speaks English well. - Double negatives:
Wrong: I don't have no time.
Right: I don't have any time.