Изменения глагольных времен в косвенной речи
When converting direct speech to indirect speech, verb tenses typically shift backward in time. This phenomenon, known as backshift, is fundamental to accurate reporting of speech and thoughts in English.
1. Стандартный сдвиг глагольных времен
Следующая таблица показывает наиболее распространенные преобразования времен в косвенной речи:
| Прямая речь | Косвенная речь | Пример |
|---|---|---|
| Present Simple | Past Simple | "I like coffee" → She said she liked coffee |
| Present Continuous | Past Continuous | "I am reading" → He said he was reading |
| Present Perfect | Past Perfect | "I have finished" → She said she had finished |
| Past Simple | Past Perfect | "I saw him" → He said he had seen him |
| Future Simple | Conditional | "I will help" → She said she would help |
Важные примечания по сдвигу времени
- Сдвиг времени происходит, когда глагол, вводящий речь (said, told и т. д.), стоит в прошедшем времени
- Местоимения и выражения времени часто меняются вместе с глагольным временем
- The conjunction that is often used but can be omitted
2. Преобразования модальных глаголов
Модальные глаголы в косвенной речи следуют специфическим схемам сдвига времени:
| Прямая речь | Косвенная речь | Пример |
|---|---|---|
| can | could | "I can swim" → She said she could swim |
| may | might | "It may rain" → He said it might rain |
| must | had to | "I must go" → She said she had to go |
| shall | should | "I shall return" → He said he should return |
| will | would | "I will call" → She said she would call |
3. Исключения из правил сдвига времени
Существуют важные случаи, когда сдвиг времени не требуется:
Когда утверждение все еще верно
- "The Earth revolves around the Sun" → He said the Earth revolves around the Sun
- "Water boils at 100°C" → She said water boils at 100°C
При немедленном сообщении
- "I feel sick" (said just now) → She says she feels sick
С определенными модальными глаголами
- "You should rest" → He said I should rest (should doesn't change)
- "It might rain" → She said it might rain (might doesn't change)
4. Ссылки на время и место
Выражения времени и места часто меняются в косвенной речи для сохранения логических связей:
| Прямая речь | Косвенная речь |
|---|---|
| now | then |
| today | that day |
| yesterday | the day before |
| tomorrow | the next/following day |
| here | there |
| this | that |
| these | those |
Особые случаи в косвенной речи
- Questions: Word order changes to affirmative structure
- "Are you ready?" → He asked if I was ready
- Commands and requests: Use infinitive structure
- "Close the door" → She told me to close the door
- Suggestions: Often use suggest + gerund
- "Let's go" → He suggested going