Сравнительная и превосходная степени наречий: Правила образования
Наречия, как и прилагательные, могут показывать разные степени сравнения. Правила образования зависят от структуры и происхождения наречия.
1. Односложные наречия
Most one-syllable adverbs form their comparative and superlative by adding -er and -est respectively.
| Положительная степень | Сравнительная (-er) | Превосходная (-est) |
|---|---|---|
| fast | faster | fastest |
| hard | harder | hardest |
| soon | sooner | soonest |
Примеры использования:
- She runs faster than her brother.
- He works hardest in our team.
- Please reply sooner next time.
2. Наречия, оканчивающиеся на -ly
Most adverbs formed by adding -ly to adjectives use more and most for comparison.
| Положительная степень | Сравнительная (more) | Превосходная (most) |
|---|---|---|
| quickly | more quickly | most quickly |
| carefully | more carefully | most carefully |
| easily | more easily | most easily |
Важные примечания:
- Never add -er or -est to -ly adverbs
- Некоторые наречия на -ly имеют неправильные формы (см. исключения ниже)
- В неформальной речи некоторые говорящие используют формы прилагательных (например, 'quicker' вместо 'more quickly')
3. Двусложные наречия
These can be tricky - some take -er/-est, others require more/most.
| Положительная степень | Сравнительная степень | Превосходная степень | Шаблон |
|---|---|---|---|
| early | earlier | earliest | -er/-est |
| often | more often | most often | more/most |
| slowly | more slowly | most slowly | more/most |
Советы по использованию:
- Adverbs identical to adjectives often take -er/-est (early, late)
- Most others use more/most
- When in doubt, use more/most - it's never wrong
Неправильные наречия
Некоторые распространенные наречия имеют полностью неправильные формы сравнительной и превосходной степеней.
| Положительная степень | Сравнительная степень | Превосходная степень |
|---|---|---|
| well | better | best |
| badly | worse | worst |
| little | less | least |
| much | more | most |
| far | farther/further | farthest/furthest |
Особые случаи:
- Farther/farthest for physical distance
She ran farther than anyone else.
- Further/furthest for metaphorical distance
Let me explain this further.
- Less/least can modify all adverbs (even comparatives)
She visits less frequently now.
Позиция сравнительных наречий в предложении
Расположение сравнительных наречий влияет на значение и выделение:
| Позиция | Пример | Эффект/Воздействие |
|---|---|---|
| После глагола | She works harder than you. | Стандартное сравнение |
| Начало | More quickly than expected, he finished. | Подчеркивает скорость/удивление |
| С 'than' | He runs fast, but she runs faster than him. | Прямое сравнение между двумя |
| С 'the' | Who works the hardest? | Превосходное сравнение среди многих |
Распространенные ошибки, которых следует избегать
- Double comparatives: Never use both -er and more
She runs more faster than me.
She runs faster than me.
- Adjective forms: Don't use adjective comparatives for -ly adverbs
Drive carefullier!
Drive more carefully!
- Superlative without 'the': Usually needs definite article
He works hardest.
He works the hardest.
- Illogical comparisons: Compare similar things
She speaks more clearly than her sister's pronunciation.
She speaks more clearly than her sister does.